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MHPAEA

Complying With the ‘Relevant Data’ Requirement Under the Final 2024 Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act: A Proposal for a Workable Alternative

by Alden Bianchi | Dec 19, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) generally requires group health plans and health insurance issuers to ensure that financial requirements (such as copays and deductibles), quantitative treatment limitations (such as visit limits), and nonquantitative treatment limitations (such as prior authorization and concurrent review) applicable to mental health or substance use disorder (MH/SUD) benefits are generally no more restrictive than the requirements or limitations applied to medical/surgical (M/S) benefits. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 imposed further obligations in the case of nonquantitative treatment limitations (NQTLs), which are the subject of final regulations issued in September 2024. (We explained the final regulations here.)

Among many other things, the final regulations establish a two-part test that applies to NQTLs consisting of:

The design and application requirement. This test requires that the processes, strategies, evidentiary standards, or other factors used in designing and applying an NQTL to MH/SUD benefits in each classification must be comparable to and applied no more stringently than those used in designing and applying the limitation with respect to M/S benefits in that same classification. For this purpose, classifications include inpatient, in-network care; inpatient, out-of-network care; outpatient, in-network care; outpatient, out-of-network care; emergency care; and prescription drugs.
The relevant data evaluation requirement. This test requires the plan or issuer to collect and evaluate relevant data in a manner reasonably designed to assess the impact of the NQTL on relevant outcomes related to access to MH/SUD benefits as compared to M/S benefits. Relevant data for this purpose includes the number and percentage of relevant claims denials and network composition data.

The relevant data evaluation requirement has proven especially challenging for self-funded group health plans of every size, as third-party administrators fail, refuse, or are otherwise unable to provide the information necessary to comply. There may be another option, however.

The final regulations do not specify the data set on which compliance with the relevant data requirement is tested. Rather, the regulations, which apply to both plans and issuers, seem to assume that the plans test on the basis of plan data, and issuers test on the basis of the issuer’s corresponding block of business. In their informal remarks at trade and industry conferences, representatives of the US Department of Labor (DOL), expressing their own views and not those of the DOL, have acknowledged that they are aware of and are considering their options related to the proper testing data set.

Some large carriers have shared the NQTL analysis that they previously prepared for their fully insured groups with the self-funded group to whom they provide administrative services. Presumably, this will give their self-funded groups a starting point. Many self-funded groups, particularly smaller groups, are not inclined to modify the standard set of NQTLs offered by their carriers/administrative-service-only (ASO) providers. If these groups were allowed to test based on the carrier’s corresponding book of business, a good deal of the work would be done. This would also have the salutary effect of exerting market pressure [...]

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2024 Final Mental Health Parity Regulations: First Impressions

by Alden Bianchi, Jacob Mattinson and Sarah Raaii | Oct 10, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

Alden Bianchi, Jake Mattinson, and Sarah Raaii recently authored an article in ALM Benefits Pro commenting on the final Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) regulations issued last month by the Biden administration. While some of the more objectionable features of the proposed MHPAEA regulations were not finalized, they argue that their basic structure remains fully intact, including provisions that employers found most burdensome.

Webinar Replay: Unpacking the Final Mental Health Parity Regulations

by Alden Bianchi, Jacob Mattinson and Sarah Raaii | Oct 8, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

On September 9, 2024, the Biden administration issued much-anticipated final regulations under the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA). The rules implement a host of complicated new compliance requirements for sponsors and issuers of health plans, instituting new obligations to collect and evaluate plan data, conduct comparative analyses, and act to address material differences in access to mental health and substance abuse benefits as compared to medical and surgical benefits.

During a recent webinar, Alden Bianchi, Jake Mattinson, and Sarah Raaii provided a comprehensive overview of the new rules, including compliance deadlines and key takeaways for employers, plan sponsors, and issuers of group health plans. The speakers also addressed how the new rules might impact any ongoing US Department of Labor investigations.

Access the recording here.

HHS, Labor, and Treasury Finalize Mental Health Parity Rule

by Katie Waldo, Rachel Stauffer, Erica Stocker, Jeffrey Davis, Leigh Feldman, Julia Grabo and Maddie News | Sep 26, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

On September 9, 2024, the US Departments of Health and Human Services , Labor, and the Treasury finalized a rule related to the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act. This rule introduces significant updates to mental health and substance use disorder benefits, ensuring parity with medical and surgical benefits. Key changes include enhanced protections against restrictive treatment limitations, clarified definitions, and new data evaluation requirements. These updates, effective from January 2025, are crucial for hospitals, health systems, and managed care providers.

Plan Sponsors, Insurers, and the Landmark Mental Health Parity Final Rule

by Alden Bianchi, Jacob Mattinson and Sarah Raaii | Sep 19, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

The US Departments of the Treasury, Labor, and Health and Human Services recently issued much-anticipated final regulations under the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA). The newly issued final regulations update the 2013 final regulations principally to reflect the changes to MHPAEA enacted by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which requires plans and issuers to formally analyze and compare nonquantitative treatment limitations as they apply to both mental health and substance use disorder benefits and medical/surgical benefits.

The changes in the final regulations largely take effect in 2025, with the effective date for some provisions delayed until 2026. Although the final regulations may face litigation challenges, considering the recent decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, health plan sponsors should plan to comply by the quickly approaching deadlines.

Regs, Regs and More Regs: The Biden Administration Releases Spring 2024 Unified Agenda

by Jeffrey Davis | Aug 8, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

The Biden administration recently released its Spring 2024 Unified Agenda (a few months late), which lists all the regulations that the administration plans to issue by the end of the year and beyond.

In this update, Jeffrey Davis previews new regulations that could impact the health and welfare benefits industry related to the No Surprises Act, new standards for the exchange of health information under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, the finalization of new Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act rules, and more.

Anticipating the MHPAEA Final Regulations: A Word About Network Composition

by Alden Bianchi | Aug 6, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

If our trade and industry sources have it right, we could see final regulations implementing the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA), as most recently amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (CAA), any day now. Last week, we offered a wish list of things we would like to see modified or addressed once the rules become final. Our previous MHPAEA commentary is available here.

An August 1, 2024, letter from Viginia Foxx, chairwoman of the US House of Representatives Committee on Education and the Workforce, to the secretaries of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the US Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and the acting secretary of the US Department of Labor (DOL) leads us to add one more item to our wish list. It relates to a subject that has been a major item of contention and the cause of considerable frustration in MHPAEA audits: network composition and adequacy.

The CAA added a requirement that plans and issuers perform and document comparative analyses of the design and application of nonquantitative treatment limitations (NQTLs) on mental health and substance use disorder (MH/SUD) benefits and medical and surgical (M/S) benefits. Nothing in the CAA modifies prior law relating to network composition or adequacy, however. MHPAEA generally requires that the application of NQTLs on MH/SUD benefits “in operation” be comparable and no more stringent than on M/S benefits. In the case of an audit, the DOL has analyzed diverse types of outcomes data, such as denial or reimbursement rates.

But – and this is critical – nothing in existing law requires comparability of outcomes. Indeed, the DOL’s self-compliance tool makes clear that disparate outcomes are not determinative of noncompliance, recognizing that the law requires only that the processes and standards used in applying the NQTL be comparable across MH/SUD and M/S benefits. Different outcomes can still be MHPAEA-compliant. An intervening FAQ (No. 7) suggests otherwise, saying that disparate outcomes raise a “red flag.” FAQs lack the force of law, however.

The proposed rules upend current law by making differences in outcomes a strong indicator of noncompliance or, in the case of network composition, a conclusive determination of noncompliance. Chairwoman Foxx criticizes this approach, saying that “This [ ] suggests that approval or denial rates in either a MH/SUD or M/S context are indicative of appropriateness.” This is in her view a flawed assumption. She also claims that the DOL, HHS and Treasury (the Departments) have exceeded their statutory authority in the matter. The DOL is in our experience applying this rule on audit as though the proposed rule is the law.

We express no opinion on whether the proposed rule comports with the statue. This is for the courts to decide. It’s no secret, however, that the Departments now face a higher bar in the wake of the US Supreme Court’s decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (wherein the Court overruled the [...]

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Six Wishes for the Forthcoming Final Regulations Under MHPAEA

by Alden Bianchi | Jul 30, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

On July 1, 2024, the US Department of Labor (DOL) submitted final regulations to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), implementing the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) as most recently amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (CAA). The CAA added a requirement that plans and issuers perform and document comparative analyses of the design and application of nonquantitative treatment limitations (NQTLs) on mental health and substance use disorder benefits (MH/SUD) and medical and surgical (M/S) benefits. Submission to the CBO is the last step in the process of issuing a binding, final rule. The agency ordinarily acts on these submissions within 90 days, but it is widely anticipated that the final rule will be issued sooner.

The final regulations implement proposed regulations issued in July 2023, which were widely commented on. Our previous content explaining the proposed regulations, including a series of blog posts commenting on the comments, is available here.

To call the proposed rule contentious is an understatement, and the stakes for group health plan sponsors that provide mental health benefits are significant. Many comments on the proposed regulations asked the regulators to withdraw the proposed rule and to reconsider the issue anew. While the chance of that happening was always remote, it is now clear that this is not going to happen. There will shortly be final regulations. Recognizing this to be the case, here are six items in the proposed regulations that we would like to see changed or clarified.

Application of the Quantitative Testing Requirements to NQTLs

MHPAEA generally provides that financial requirements and treatment limitations imposed on MH/SUD benefits cannot be more restrictive than the predominant financial requirements and treatment limitations that apply to substantially all M/S benefits in a classification. The 2013 final regulations established the following classifications for this purpose: inpatient, in-network; inpatient, out-of-network; outpatient, in-network; outpatient, out-of-network; emergency care; and prescription drugs. “Treatment limitations” can be either quantitative treatment limitations (QTLs) (e.g., visit limits) or NQTLs (i.e., concurrent review). The rules for the testing of QTLs set out in the 2013 final regulations include detailed numerical standards, which have spawned a cottage industry for testing services.

The proposed regulations would impose quantitative testing requirements on NQTLs. This is at least modestly counterintuitive. It would also make an already complex testing rule materially more complicated. It is our hope that the DOL, US Department of Health and Human Services, and the US Department of the Treasury (the Departments) see fit to back away from this requirement.

Mental Health Carve-Out Vendors

The proposed regulations establish a three-prong test that plans and issuers must pass to impose an NQTL in a classification. To qualify, an NQTL:

Must be no more restrictive when applied to MH/SUD benefits as compared to M/S benefits;
The plan or issuer must meet specified design and application requirements; and
The plan or issuer must collect, evaluate and consider the impact of relevant data on [...]

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Lessons from Ryan S. v. UnitedHealth Group for the 2023 MHPAEA Proposed Rule

by Alden Bianchi | Apr 18, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

A recently decided US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case, Ryan S. v. UnitedHealth Group, Inc., offers some useful insights on the enforcement by private litigants of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA). Like other similar cases, the case invites questions about the impact of potential changes under the proposed regulations issued under MHPAEA last year. Despite that the issues at this stage are procedural, the case nevertheless offers some useful insights, which this post explores.

Our previous MHPAEA content is available here.

According to the complaint, the group health plan under which Ryan S. was covered was administered by UnitedHealthcare. The plan covered outpatient, out-of-network mental health and substance use disorder (MH/SUD) benefits at 70% of covered charges and at 100% once the out-of-pocket maximum was met.

Ryan S. completed two different outpatient, out-of-network substance use disorder programs, coverage for which was denied on multiple occasion and for disparate reasons. As the complaint explains, the denials resulted from UnitedHealthcare’s use of an algorithm that assessed patients’ progress and referred cases for additional review. This additional layer of review was not applied to outpatient, out-of-network medical/surgical (M/S) claims. Ryan S. alleges that UnitedHealthcare applied a more stringent review process to benefits claims for outpatient, out-of-network MH/SUD treatment than to otherwise comparable M/S treatment. The complaint states this disparity in applicable review standards violates:

MHPAEA
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) fiduciary rules
The failure to follow the terms of the plan as required by ERISA

The Disposition of the Plaintiffs’ Claims

The district court had dismissed all the claims. The Ninth Circuit reversed on MHPAEA and ERISA fiduciary claims but let stand the district court’s dismissal of the claim related to plan terms.

MHPAEA requires that any limitations on “mental health or substance use disorder benefits” in an ERISA plan be “no more restrictive than the predominant treatment limitations applied to substantially all [covered] medical and surgical benefits.” Thus, said the court, to succeed, a plaintiff must show an ERISA plan that offers both M/S and MH/SUD benefits imposed a more restrictive limitation on MH/SUD treatment than limitations on treatment for M/S issues. The court then identified three situations in which such a violation might occur:

Facial exclusion cases: A plaintiff can allege that a plan contains an exclusion that is discriminatory on its face.
“As-applied” cases: A plaintiff can allege that a plan contains a facially neutral term that is discriminatorily applied to MH/SUD treatment.
Internal process cases: A plaintiff can allege that a plan administrator applies an improper internal process that results in the exclusion of an MH/SUD treatment.

In the court’s view, the complaint raises internal process claims. As such, violations cannot be discerned with reference to the plan document. The court therefore saw no reason to disturb the district court’s dismissal of the claim relating to plan terms.

With respect to the MHPAEA and ERISA fiduciary claims, [...]

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The MHPAEA Proposed Rule: ‘Meaningful Benefits’ and the ‘Scope of Services’

by Alden Bianchi | Feb 20, 2024 | Employee Benefits, Health and Welfare Plans, Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

This post continues our consideration of comments submitted in response to proposed regulations under the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA). Our previous MHPAEA content is available here.

Under current law, if a plan provides any mental health or substance use disorder (MH/SUD) benefits in any classification of benefits, benefits for that condition or use disorder must be provided in every classification in which medical/surgical (M/S) benefits are provided. Classifications for this purpose include inpatient, in-network; inpatient, out-of-network; outpatient, in-network; outpatient, out-of-network; emergency care; and prescription drugs. The proposed regulations modify this standard by providing that a plan does not provide benefits for MH/SUD benefits in every classification in which M/S benefits are provided unless the plan provides meaningful benefits for treatment for the condition or disorder in each such classification “as determined in comparison to the benefits provided for medical/surgical conditions in the classification.”

The term “meaningful benefits” is nowhere defined. The regulators nevertheless “recognize that the proposal to require meaningful benefits [ ] is related to scope of services.” “Scope of services” for this purpose generally refers to the types of treatments and treatment settings that are covered by a group health plan or health insurance issuer. The preamble to the proposed regulation invites comments on how the meaningful benefits requirement “would interact with the approach related to scope of services adopted under the 2013 final regulations.” The preamble of the 2013 final regulations addressed an issue characterized as ‘‘scope of services’’ or ‘‘continuum of care’’ but otherwise failed to provide any substance. Two examples from the proposed regulations do, however, give us a sense of what the regulators have in mind.

A plan that generally covers treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a mental health condition, and covers outpatient, out-of-network developmental evaluations for ASD but excludes all other benefits for outpatient treatment for ASD, including applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy, when provided on an out-of-network basis. (ABA therapy is one of the primary treatments for ASD in children.) The plan generally covers the full range of outpatient treatments and treatment settings for M/S conditions and procedures when provided on an out-of-network basis. The plan in this example violates the applicable parity standards.
In another example, a plan generally covers diagnosis and treatment for eating disorders, a mental health condition, but specifically excludes coverage for nutrition counseling to treat eating disorders, including in the outpatient, in-network classification. Nutrition counseling is one of the primary treatments for eating disorders. The plan generally provides benefits for the primary treatments for medical conditions and surgical procedures in the outpatient, in-network classification. The exclusion of coverage for nutrition counseling for eating disorders results in the plan failing to provide meaningful benefits for the treatment of eating disorders in the outpatient, in-network classification, as determined in comparison to the benefits provided for M/S conditions in the classification. Therefore, the plan violates the proposed rules.

Notably, the newly proposed meaningful benefits requirement is separate from, [...]

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